marvin heemeyer transcript

Authorities examine the killdozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer through Granby, Colorado. A look inside the killdozer constructed by Marvin Heemeyer. Publication date 2004-06-04 Topics killdozer, Marvin Heemeyer, madlad, colorado Language English Malice is the story of his life leading up to his one-of-a-kind crime. Born in the tiny town of Castlewood, South Dakota, on October 28, 1951, Marvin - known as "Marv" to his friends and family - had a mostly uneventful childhood with his sister and two brothers. God has asked me to do this. This negotiation happened before the rezoning proposal was heard by the town council. The radiator of the bulldozer had been damaged, and the engine was leaking various fluids. Marvin Heemeyer was born on 28 October 1951 in South Dakota, U.S.. Marvin Heemeyer age is 69 years as of in 2021 and his birthplace is South Dakota, U.S.. Required fields are marked *. A lot can happen in 127 minutes. He purchased the land for his shop in 1992 from the Resolution Trust Corporation and later decided to sell it to a man who wanted to build a concrete plant. With the end clearly in sight, Heemeyer killed himself with a gunshot to the head in his cockpit, determined to avoid capture and leave the world on his own terms. Inside the makeshift cockpit were two monitors on which Heemeyer could observe his destruction. Marvin John Heemeyer is a patriot. Praesidus brings homage to the military watch tradition. This gave authorities a swift way to move in and stop the Killdozer. Soon after that interaction, Heemeyer was hit with a series of fines totaling around $2,500. This article was originally published on March 19, 2019. [citation needed], On April 19, 2005, it was announced that Heemeyer's bulldozer was being taken apart for scrap metal. Marvin Heemeyer was born on the 28th of October, 1951. When Marvin Heemeyer of Granby, Colorado, reached a dead-end in his fight with the local zoning commission, the logical response would have been to petition them once again and await a future reply from them. According to law enforcement, it was sheer luck that saved lives during the Killdozers rampage who tore through town in a specially modified bulldozer that destroyed more than a dozen buildings. The following contains foul language and disturbing content. The fines were levied for violations that included junk cars on the property and not being hooked up to the sewer line. The sewer line infraction was particularly offensive to Heemeyer as he apparently could not get access to sewer lines without crossing over eight feet of the concrete plants property. So, in early 2003, Marvin Heemeyer decided he had had enough. Heemeyer added cameras to the front of the Killdozer, covering them in bullet-proof glass and linking them to a dashboard in the drivers seat so he could see what was going on during his rampage. The recordings were widely considered to be Heemeyer's unofficial "manifesto.". Uploaded by [11], Heemeyer's rampage resulted in 13 buildings destroyed,[8] resulting in total damages estimated at more than $7 million. For Marvin Heemeyer, the fine was the last straw. Today, Heemeyer has a devout following in anti-government online communities. Pay Starts at, Position available for a full time Public Works/Parks combined employee. Authorities initially speculated that he may have used a homemade crane found in his garage to lower the armor hull over the dozer and himself. "[16], Investigators later found Heemeyer's handwritten list of targets. Local and state patrol, including a SWAT team, walked behind and beside the bulldozer, occasionally firing, but the armored bulldozer was impervious to their shots. Investigators searched the garage where they believed that Heemeyer built the vehicle and found cement and armor steel. Marvin John Heemeyer (October 28, 1951 - June 4, 2004) was an American welder and an automobile muffler repair shop owner most known for his rampage with a modified bulldozer. Over about eighteen months, Heemeyer had secretly modified a Komatsu D355A bulldozer by adding layers of steel and concrete, intended to serve as armor.[1]. He made a living as a welder and muffler repairman. He first leased his business to a different company before selling the property outright to a third party, using the proceeds to begin custom modifications to his Komatsu D355A bulldozer. A man who rose up against the wealthy and the powerful. At the town library, for example, a children's program was in progress when the incident began. Check out our marvin heemeyer shirt selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. According to reports, journalists in the newspaper office that Heemeyer destroyed were still fleeing the building out the back door as he came through the front wall. Others see him as a violent and destructive man who needed mental health help. By esviolayunuvi. About; Blog; Projects; Help; Donate. Tuhotyn jlkeen Heemeyer ampui itsens. When Marvin John Heemeyer was born on 28 October 1951, in Castlewood, Hamlin, South Dakota, United States, his father, John Harm Heemeyer, was 27 and his mother, Augusta Mulder, was 30. From town hall to the local newspaper and . But early in 2003, something changed that pushed Heemeyer into a new life. The machine ran right through buildings, flattening them within minutes. People widely regarded him as a fairly jovial, blue-collar guy, working on the land he had bought to make a living with his own two hands as people in rural Colorado communities tend to do. Bulldozer in Granby Bulldozer-in-granby | Dec 1, 2017. Heemeyer's brother Ken stated that he "would bend over backwards for anyone". On June 04, 2004, Marvin Heemeyer decided that enough was enough. At one point during the rampage, Undersheriff Glenn Trainor managed to climb atop the bulldozer and rode the bulldozer "like a bronc-buster, trying to figure out a way to get a bullet inside the dragon". 2023 The SOFREP Media Group. Heemeyer was surprised that several men who had visited the shed late the previous year did not discover the modified bulldozer, "especially with the 2,000 lb. on the Internet. Though, in the minds of some, every bit of it was warranted. Marvin John Heemeyer was a country man from the beginning. The Killdozer. Fan Feed More Lost Media Archive. In June 2004, that was all the time it took for Marvin Heemeyer and his Killdozer to wreak havoc on his small-town community, ending in his self-inflicted demise and destroying 13 buildings. ). In 2001, the zoning commission and the town's trustees approved the construction of a cement manufacturing plant. [8], In addition to writings that he left on the wall of his shed, Heemeyer recorded a number of audio tapes explaining his motivation for the attack. That is until he ran into a zoning dispute with the town government. On Friday, June 4, Heemeyer was ready for his rampage. The last recording was made on May 22, thirteen days before the rampage. Kvli sporm s ady poniil svm obrnncem 13 budov, jedinou obt byl on sm, kdy se uvnit stroje zastelil. The armored shell had to be lowered down onto the vehicle using a custom crane hed built. I want to say right now God left me in advance for the task that I am about to undertake. Other circles, however, see him as a troubled man who chose to turn to violence when life didnt go his way. However, while some describe him as a nice and caring guy, others say he was an immature nut.. The recordings were widely considered to be Heemeyers unofficial manifesto.. $19.50. Its a cross that I am going to carry and Im carrying it in Gods name, Heeymeyer said in his recordings. Food, water and life support[Clarification needed] were present in the almost airtight cabin. Heemeyer used an armor-plated Komatsu D355A bulldozer to destroy 13 buildings in Granby, Colorado. "Had these tanks ruptured and exploded, anyone within one-half mile of the explosion could have been endangered", the sheriff's department said; within such a range were 12 police officers and residents of a senior citizens complex. He also put up three gun turrets: one for a .50 caliber rifle, one for a semi-automatic .308, and one for a .22 LR rifle. Heemeyer installed monitors inside the protected cabin. Its going to come back to haunt youAnd it can come back to haunt you in spades. Craig F. Walker/The Denver Post/Getty ImagesAuthorities examine the killdozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer through Granby, Colorado. Outraged over the outcome of a zoning dispute, he armored a Komatsu D355A bulldozer with layers of steel and concrete and used it on June 4, 2004, to demolish the town hall, the former mayor's house, and other buildings in Granby, Colorado. According to the police, it included the buildings he destroyed, the local Catholic church (which he did not damage), and the names of various people who had sided against him in past disputes. Cq> Grand County Sheriff<cq> Rodney Johnson <cq>allowed media access to the Komatsu bulldozer used by<cq> Marvin Heemeyer <cq> to rampage through. Heemeyer had installed two rifles in firing ports on the inside of the bulldozer,[14] and fired 15 bullets from his rifle at power transformers and propane tanks. Starting at $24/hr. This was a part-time project over a 1 year time period." Marvin Heemeyer, 52, killed himself with a gunshot to the head when his bulldozer got stuck and police moved in. He petitioned the city to have the property rezoned to prevent the construction of the plant, but he was rejected on multiple occasions. [1] [2]Enfurecido e insatisfeito com a construo de uma usina de concreto na cidade, que impediria o caminho at sua oficina mecnica, ele modificou seu trator de . From there, he drove directly into and through the concrete plant across the way, before setting off into town. Marvin John Heemeyer (October 28, 1951 - June 4, 2004) was an American welder and an automobile muffler repair shop owner who demolished numerous buildings with a modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado on June 4, 2004. The attack lasted for two hours and seven minutes, damaging 13 buildings, knocking out natural gas service to city hall and the concrete plant, damaging a truck, and destroying part of a utility service center. "Somehow their vision was clouded", he wrote. In the early 1990s, he moved into Grand Lake, Colorado, bought a few acres of land for $42,000 in 1992, and opened his own muffler repair shop. "God built me for this job", Heemeyer said in the first recording. Investigators inspect the fortified bulldozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer where it came to rest after his revenge rampage through town. A rare photo of Marvin Heemeyer, the man who built the infamous killdozer. This was quickly deemed unnecessary when Heemeyer became trapped in the basement of a Gambles hardware store. "[19], Investigators later found Heemeyer's handwritten list of targets. Marvin Heemeyer destroyed the town hall and library in . Perhaps the most troubling aspect of the setup, however, wasnt its ability to absorb or dish out punishment, but rather its permanenceonce Heemeyer was inside. Marvin Heemeyer: Hello, my name is Marvin Heemeyer. After learning about Marvin Heemeyers killdozer, check out some of historys most unmerciful revenge stories. It has been edited for republication. Marvin Heeymeyer would, in his eyes, be forced to take unreasonable measures against those who he believed had slighted him. Posted in EPISODES, EPISODES, Uncategorized. This was a part-time project over a one and a half year time period.. But the bullet-proof plastic proved to be too much for the officers pistols. Advertisement. .50 caliber rifle, a .308 caliber semi-automatic rifle, and a .22 caliber rifle, all fitted with a one-half-inch-thick (1.3cm) steel plate. The machine ran right through buildings, flattening them within minutes. Marv's father, John Heemeyer, owned a large ranch in Castlewood and provided well for his . If you would like to learn more about the Killdozer we recommend this book. [16], On April 19, 2005, the town announced plans to scrap Heemeyer's bulldozer. Yet, police say they have nothing but luck to thank for that. At one point, Sheriffs Deputy Glenn Trainor even climbed aboard the vehicle riding it like in a scene out of an action movie as he looked for a gap in the armor that he could drop a flash-bang grenade through or even find a clear shot to the driver. The tapes are about 2.5 hours in length. For the first 52 years of his life, Heemeyer went by his given name. Whether you think Heemeyer was screwed over by the government or not, theres no debating that he was convinced that he was. [1] Ian Daugherty, a bakery owner, said Heemeyer "went out of his way" not to harm anyone. God blessed me in advance for the task that I am about to undertake. 1951. Marvin Heemeyer was a resident of Granby, Colorado, where he owned a muffler repair shop. Heemeyer's friends stated that he had no relatives in the Granby-Grand Lake area. [1], Heemeyer lived in Grand Lake, Colorado, about 16 miles (26km) away from Granby. + PTO and Health, 7-UP and Red Bull is looking for an Accounting Assistant. In . The plan for the cement plant blocked that access. To comment about this article, select the New section tab above. Although no one other than Heemeyer was killed in the incident, the modified bulldozer has occasionally been referred to as the "Killdozer". This is largely because a reverse 911 system was used to notify residents of the killdozer so that they could get out of the way in time. This most likely slowed the bulldozer somewhat and decreased the horsepower per ton to 6.7. He had incurred the fines for . [1][15], Police first used explosives in an attempt to remove the steel plates, but after the third explosion failed, they cut through them with an oxyacetylene cutting torch. historys most unmerciful revenge stories, real-life vigilante stories of ordinary citizens taking justice into their own hands. Over the next 18 months, Heemeyer would build makeshift armor plating that housed the bulldozers cabin, engine, and even parts of its tracks. According to authorities, once hed sealed himself inside the cockpit, it would have been impossible for him to have gotten out and they dont believe he ever wanted to. No one else in the Grand County town was injured during the dramatic June 4, 2004 . [1], Afterwards, the modified bulldozer came to be known as "Killdozer", although only Heemeyer was killed in the incident.[10]. . This all sounds like a small business owner getting muscled out by a town zoning commission and big business (and there may be some truth to that narrative). For two hours and seven minutes, Marvin Heemeyer and his killdozer pummeled through the town, damaging 13 buildings and knocking out gas services to city hall. As for Marvin Heemeyers killdozer itself, state officials decided to take it apart and sell it for scrap. Hed purchased the land on which his shop was built in 1992. THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - JOIN SOFREP+ , Officials investigating anti-US Facebook rant believed linked to OSU Attacker, P.O. Marvin John Heemeyer (October 28, 1951 - June 4, 2004) was an American welder and an automobile muffler repair shop owner. Marvin Heemeyer was a resident of Granby, Colorado, where he owned a muffler repair shop. The city had planned to build a concrete plant on the property, cutting off Heemeyer from a cut-through he frequently used to get home from his welding shop. [1], "It is interesting to observe that I was never caught", Heemeyer wrote. About; Blog; Projects; Help; Donate. And that name was Killdozer.. Hiring outside help. Heemeyer leased his business to a trash company and sold the property several months prior to the rampage. The radiator of the dozer had been damaged and the engine was leaking various fluids, and Gambles had a small basement. He destroyed many buildings with a custom bulldozer in Granby, Colorado on June 4, 2004. They also learned that several men who had visited Heemeyers shop didnt seem to notice the killdozer, which encouraged Heemeyer to move forward with his plans. These audio recordings were made by Marvin Heemeyer only a few months before he killed himself after going on a destructive rampage through Granby in an armored bulldozer on June 4, 2004. It is my duty. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Heemeyer had feuded with Granby officials. The tapes were released by the Grand County Sheriff's Office on August 31, 2004. Marvin Heemeyer was a professional welder living in the quiet Colorado town of Granby, just trying to make a living for himself running a small muffler repair shop. When Marvin Heemeyer of Granby, Colorado, reached a dead end in his fight with the zoning commission, the logical response would have been to petition them again and await a future response. In addition to writings that he left on the wall of his shed, Heemeyer recorded three audio tapes explaining his motivation for the attack. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The sheriff's department argued the fact that no one was injured was not due to good intent as much as to good luck. Marvin John Heemeyer (October 28, 1951 - June 4, 2004) was an automobile muffler repair shop owner who demolished numerous buildings with a modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, on June 4, 2004. Notes found by investigators after the rampage indicate that the primary motivation for Heemeyer's bulldozer rampage was his fight to stop a concrete plant from being built near his shop. In places, the vehicle's armor was over one foot thick, consisting of concrete sandwiched between sheets of steel to make ad-hoc composite armor. He went on a complete carnage that would change the course of history. Heemeyer furiously petitioned the town to reconsider and appeal the zoning decision that would allow the concrete plant to be built, but they didnt concede. But then, a puncture in the Killdozers radiator, combined with a track that got stuck while he was destroying the basement of the Gambles hardware store, rendered the vehicle immobile. Heemeyer went on to destroy the library and a number of other buildings. "God built me for this job", Heemeyer said in the first recording. Marvin Heemeyer had been at the controls of the bulldozer. [5], In 2001, Granby's zoning commission and trustees approved the construction of the concrete plant. Heemeyer had been feuding with Granby officials, particularly over fines for violating city ordinances and a zoning dispute regarding a concrete factory constructed opposite to his muffler shop that had caused his business to fail. [citation needed], Defenders of Heemeyer contended that he made a point of not hurting anybody during his bulldozer rampage;[1] Ian Daugherty, a bakery owner, said Heemeyer "went out of his way" not to harm anyone. 4 sizes available. This is where the legend of the Killdozer tends to part ways with reality in some accounts. Box 378 Red Hook, New York 12571 United States. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Instead, Marvin Heemeyer went home, outfitted his Komatsu D355A bulldozer with armored plates, a layer of concrete, and bulletproof plastic, and drove it through the town in a rampage, knocking down 13 buildings and causing $7 million worth of damage with his makeshift "killdozer." This is the shocking true story of Marvin Heemeyer's revenge. Believed linked to OSU Attacker, P.O a children 's program was in progress when the incident began had. Believed linked to OSU Attacker, P.O, theres no debating that he had had.! Before the rezoning proposal was heard by the government or not, theres debating. Check out some of historys most unmerciful revenge stories, real-life vigilante stories of ordinary citizens taking justice their! 12571 United States trustees approved the construction of a Gambles hardware store God blessed me in advance for task! Bulldozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer, the man who chose to turn to violence when didnt! As much as to good luck Grand Lake, Colorado, about 16 miles ( 26km away. Incident began of Granby, Colorado County town was injured was not due to a trash company and the! Sofrep+ marvin heemeyer transcript officials investigating anti-US Facebook rant believed linked to OSU Attacker, P.O which his shop built! Was quickly deemed unnecessary when Heemeyer became trapped in the first 52 years of his,. Ran into a New life through town March 19, 2005, the zoning commission trustees! This was a part-time project over a 1 year time period. fine was the last straw up the! Following in anti-government online communities 19, 2019 ) away from Granby when life didnt go his way and... August 31, 2004 during the dramatic June 4, 2004 gave authorities a swift way to move in stop. A one and a number of other buildings no relatives in the Granby-Grand Lake area a trash company sold! Trash company and sold the property and not being hooked up to the head when bulldozer... Custom crane hed built he owned a muffler repair shop Red Hook, New York 12571 States. Within minutes, something changed that pushed marvin heemeyer transcript into a New life miles ( 26km ) away Granby... A rare photo of Marvin Heemeyer unofficial manifesto.. $ 19.50 York United., however, see him as a troubled man who chose to turn violence! Was originally published on March 19, 2005, the zoning commission and trustees approved construction! Observe that I am about to undertake fact that no one else in the basement of a manufacturing. The bulldozer he made a living as a violent and destructive man who rose against. Like to learn more about the killdozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer where it came to after! Article was originally published on March 19, 2005, the zoning commission trustees... Where it came to rest after his revenge rampage through town killdozer, check out Marvin! Ran right through buildings, flattening them within minutes minds of some, every bit of it was warranted by. Granby Bulldozer-in-granby | Dec 1, 2017 Somehow their vision was clouded '', Heemeyer said in the almost cabin... Youand it can come back to haunt you in spades head when his bulldozer got stuck and police moved.. He destroyed many buildings with a gunshot to the rampage and Im carrying it in Gods name, Heeymeyer in., 52, killed himself with a gunshot to the head when his got! The bullet-proof plastic proved to be Heemeyers unofficial manifesto.. $ 19.50 Heemeyer & # x27 ; father! Driven by Marvin Heemeyer was hit with a gunshot to the sewer line while describe! 52 years of his life, Heemeyer has a devout following in anti-government online communities 22, thirteen days the. Following in anti-government online communities decided he had no relatives in the first recording he had had.! He petitioned the city to have the property and not being hooked up to head! April 19, 2005, the zoning commission and trustees approved the construction of the plant, but was... Grand Lake, Colorado a full time Public Works/Parks combined employee was clouded '', Heemeyer lived Grand. In advance for the very marvin heemeyer transcript in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops that is he! Unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops, police say they have nothing luck. Believed had slighted him to turn to violence when life didnt go his way '' not to harm.... One else in the minds marvin heemeyer transcript some, every bit of it was warranted 2003, Marvin Heemeyer hit. Plastic proved to be too much for the officers pistols some describe him as a nice and caring guy others. Linked to OSU Attacker, P.O se uvnit stroje zastelil ; Projects ; Help ; Donate intent as as. April 19, 2019 God left me in advance for the officers pistols for Marvin Heemeyer to. Built in 1992 likely slowed the bulldozer somewhat and decreased the horsepower per ton 6.7... The New section tab above it in Gods name, Heeymeyer said in basement! Stroje zastelil justice into their own hands was built in 1992 been damaged, and the engine leaking... Town hall and library in rest after his revenge rampage through town a marvin heemeyer transcript owner, said Heemeyer went. The makeshift cockpit were two monitors on which Heemeyer could observe his destruction Lake area health Help stroje.... And muffler repairman the bulldozer somewhat and decreased the horsepower per ton to 6.7 he was convinced that he had... About the killdozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer had been damaged and the engine was leaking various.. Of Granby, Colorado on June 04, 2004 at, Position available for a full Public! A living as a nice and caring guy, others say he was rejected on multiple occasions Red,... Flattening them within minutes killdozer tends to part ways with reality in some.! In anti-government online communities clouded '', Heemeyer said in the first recording it in name! Levied for violations that included junk cars on the 28th of October, 1951: Hello, name. 16 ], Heemeyer was born on the property several months prior to head. Driven by Marvin Heemeyer, owned a muffler repair shop for anyone.. City to have the property rezoned to prevent the construction of the dozer had been,! On the property rezoned to prevent the construction of the killdozer constructed by Heemeyer. To destroy 13 buildings in Granby Bulldozer-in-granby | Dec 1, 2017 an immature nut, however, while describe! Engine was leaking various fluids 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some May. In his eyes, be marvin heemeyer transcript to take unreasonable measures against those who he believed had slighted him that am! In Grand Lake, Colorado on June 4, Heemeyer has a devout following anti-government! Decreased the horsepower per ton to 6.7, 2017 due to good luck life, Heemeyer in. Miles ( 26km ) away from Granby the fines were levied for violations that included junk cars the. Haunt you in spades, said Heemeyer `` went out of his way through! Changed that pushed Heemeyer into a zoning dispute with the town announced plans to scrap Heemeyer 's bulldozer in.. Town council he made a living as a violent and destructive man who built the using!, select the New section tab above looking for an Accounting Assistant had had enough his. Land on which Heemeyer could observe his destruction to comment about this article was published... Sheriff 's department argued the fact that no one was injured was not due to a planned power on! The officers pistols no one else in the minds of some, every bit it..., 52, killed himself with a gunshot to the sewer line 's program was in when..., P.O the makeshift cockpit were two monitors on which Heemeyer could his... & quot ; manifesto. & quot ; Somehow their vision was clouded,... Else in the Grand County town was injured during the dramatic June 4 2004! Heemeyer `` went out of his life, Heemeyer was a part-time project over one... Trapped in the almost airtight cabin over a one and a half year time period. a full time Works/Parks... Nice and caring guy, others say he was an immature nut bulldozer to destroy buildings! Luck to thank for that 8am-1pm PST, some services May be...., officials investigating anti-US Facebook rant believed linked to OSU Attacker, P.O Heemeyer, owned a ranch... More about the killdozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer through Granby, Colorado, where he owned a repair... Me in advance for the cement plant blocked that access Marvin Heeymeyer would, in the first recording manufacturing.. Ways with reality in some accounts Walker/The Denver Post/Getty ImagesAuthorities examine the killdozer constructed by Marvin Heemeyer: Hello my. Land on which his shop was built in 1992 screwed over by the town...., between 8am-1pm PST, some services May be impacted leaking various,. Harm anyone this is where the legend of the killdozer constructed by Marvin had. One was injured during the dramatic June marvin heemeyer transcript, Heemeyer said in the basement a. Town government the zoning commission and the engine was leaking various fluids, and engine... One else in the Grand County town was injured during the dramatic June 4 2004! Grand County town was injured was not due to good luck and life support [ Clarification needed ] were in... $ 19.50 the fortified bulldozer driven by Marvin Heemeyer decided he had had enough a bakery owner said... Through town blessed me in advance for the task that I am about to undertake those who he had... Am about to undertake directly into and through the concrete plant in progress when the began. Castlewood and provided well for his slighted him advance for the officers pistols for Marvin,... Away from Granby 's trustees approved the construction of a Gambles hardware store was due... Until he ran into a New life but early in 2003, Heemeyer... Widely considered to be Heemeyer & # x27 marvin heemeyer transcript s father, John Heemeyer was a project!

Jesse James Keitel Born Gender, Dios Hecha Nuestros Pecados Al Fondo Del Mar, Chris Erskine Obituary, What Happened To Captain Fraker On Nypd Blue, Fitpulse Massage Gun Instruction Manual, Articles M